Oppression (Exhaustion) in the Order of the Hexagrams: 'Pushing upward without cease inevitably leads to exhaustion; hence Oppression (Exhaustion) follows.'
Pushing upward means ascending from below; to ascend from below by striving with effort without cease inevitably leads to oppression; hence Oppression follows Pushing Upward. Oppression signifies weary depletion. As a hexagram, Dui is above and Kan is below.
When water rests upon the marsh, the marsh holds water; but here water lies beneath the marsh, an image of drying up without water, signifying exhaustion and scarcity.
Moreover, Dui with yin resides above while Kan with yang dwells below, and the Top Six sits atop two yang lines while Nine in the Second Place is trapped amid two yin lines; in both cases yin softness covers yang firmness, which is why it is Oppression.
It is a time when the noble person is obscured and oppressed by petty persons. With talents like those of the hexagram, one can be oppressed yet prevail and remain steadfast and upright; this is the great person's way of handling oppression.
Thus it brings good fortune and no blame. The great person dwelling in oppression is not merely naturally auspicious in his Dao; by rejoicing in Heaven and resting content with destiny, he does not forfeit his good fortune.
How much more so when he adapts to the times with skillful dwelling and finds abundance! 'Words are not believed': when one speaks in a time of oppression, who will believe him? The Commentary on the Decision says: Oppression: the firm is covered.
The reason the hexagram is Oppression is that the firm is covered and concealed by the soft. Sunk below and obscured from above, it is oppressed. Sunk also means covered.
Firm and yang noble persons are covered and concealed by soft and yin petty persons; it is a time when the way of the noble person is blocked and distressed. Danger and joyousness: oppressed yet not losing that which makes one prevail—is this not the noble person alone?
This explains the way of dealing with oppression through the hexagram's talents. Danger below and joyousness above signify dwelling in danger while remaining joyous.
Though amidst distress, poverty, hardship, and danger, one rejoices in Heaven, rests in righteousness, and naturally finds joy.
Though the time is one of oppression, if one does not abandon righteousness in conduct, one's Dao naturally prevails: 'oppressed yet not losing that which makes one prevail.' Who but the noble person can achieve this?
If when the time calls for oppression one instead seeks external success, the body may prosper while the Dao suffers oppression. Noble persons and great persons are titles of virtue. Perseverance brings good fortune to the great person, through firmness and centrality.
Being oppressed yet able to remain steadfast is why the great person attains good fortune; it is because of the way of firmness and centrality. Lines Five and Two represent this. Without firmness and centrality, encountering oppression would cause one to lose correctness.
Words are not believed; to value talk leads to exhaustion. When one speaks in a time of oppression, others will not believe. Seeking to escape oppression through talk only invites exhaustion.
Because the hexagram deals with oppression through joyousness, there is a warning against valuing mere talk.